Vitamin D Deficiency in Al-Madinah AlMunawwarah: A Cross-sectional Study of Prevalence Among Saudi and Non-Saudi Population

Background: Vitamin D deficiency poses significant health risks globally, impacting bone health and immune function. In Saudi Arabia, where environmental and lifestyle factors limit sun exposure, vitamin D deficiency is especially prevalent. This study assesses vitamin D deficiency in Al-Madinah, focusing on differences between Saudi nationals and non-Saudi residents. Objectives: The primary aim was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudis and non-Saudis and identify lifestyle and dietary factors contributing to deficiency. Materials and Methods: Conducted from October 2017 to May 2018, this cross-sectional study included 65 non-diabetic male participants aged 18–65, divided into two groups: Saudi (n = 33) and non-Saudi (n = 32). Exclusion criteria included conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism. Data were collected on demographics, dietary habits, sun exposure, and anthropometric measurements. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured, and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of deficiency. Results: Vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher in Saudis (91%) than in non-Saudis (47%). Limited sun exposure, lower intake of vitamin D-rich foods, and occupation type were associated with higher deficiency rates among Saudis. Logistic regression revealed that occupation was a positive predictor, while liver consumption was a negative predictor of deficiency. Conclusion: This study highlights the urgent need for targeted public health interventions in Saudi Arabia to address vitamin D deficiency, recommending dietary changes and vitamin D supplementation. Further research should investigate genetic and environmental factors affecting vitamin D levels across different populations in the region.